Difference between revisions of "Instructional dimensions root"
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| − | + | = Instructional dimensions being explored by PSLC projects = | |
Existing PSLC experiments vary values along many instructional dimensions, so to simplify the exposition, the dimensions are grouped into 5 major classes and a 6th miscellaneous class. Each class of dimensions is listed below, with its dimensions beneath it. For each dimension, PSLC studies that compare values along that dimension are listed with it. | Existing PSLC experiments vary values along many instructional dimensions, so to simplify the exposition, the dimensions are grouped into 5 major classes and a 6th miscellaneous class. Each class of dimensions is listed below, with its dimensions beneath it. For each dimension, PSLC studies that compare values along that dimension are listed with it. | ||
| − | + | == Peer collaboration == | |
| + | Problem solving, example studying and many other activities can be done alone, in pairs, or in pairs with various kinds of assistance, such as collaboration scripts. From the standpoint of an individual learner, having a partner offers more assistance than working alone, and having a partner plus other scaffolding offer even more assistance. | ||
| − | * When solving problems, how much instruction on collaboration? (Hausmann & Chi | + | * When solving problems, how much instruction on collaboration? ([[Hausmann_Diss | Hausmann & Chi]]; [[Rummel_Scripted_Collaborative_Problem_Solving | Rummel, Diziol, McLaren, & Spada]]) |
| − | * When solving problems, should collaborators have a tutor? (Walker, McLaren, Koedinger & Rummel) | + | * When solving problems, should collaborators have a tutor? ([[Walker_A_Peer_Tutoring_Addition | Walker, McLaren, Koedinger, & Rummel)]]) |
| − | * When studying examples, does collaboration help elicit explanations of steps? (Hausmann & VanLehn | + | * When studying examples, does collaboration help elicit explanations of steps? ([[Hausmann_Study2|Hausmann & VanLehn]]; [[Craig_observing| Craig Gadgil & Chi]]) |
| − | + | == Repetition == | |
| + | In many kinds of instruction, similar or even identical tasks occur in sequence, with other tasks intervening. The more similar the tasks and the closer they are together, the easier they are for the student to achieve successfully during training, so the higher their they are in the assistance ordering. | ||
* How close together should tasks be? (Pavlik; Presson & MacWhinney; Yoshima & MacWhinney; Levin, Frishkoff, De Jong & Pavlik) | * How close together should tasks be? (Pavlik; Presson & MacWhinney; Yoshima & MacWhinney; Levin, Frishkoff, De Jong & Pavlik) | ||
* When tasks are repeated, should time pressure be increased? (De Jong & Perfetti) | * When tasks are repeated, should time pressure be increased? (De Jong & Perfetti) | ||
* When tasks are adjacent in the sequence, how can this be used to expedite learning? (De Jong, de Keyser & Perfetti; Levin et al.) | * When tasks are adjacent in the sequence, how can this be used to expedite learning? (De Jong, de Keyser & Perfetti; Levin et al.) | ||
| − | + | == Modality == | |
| + | Both the presentations and the responses from learners can written, spoken, diagramatic, gestural (e.g., menus), etc. Two modalities of presentation may in general be assistive than one. However, the assistance scale for this design issue needs exploration. | ||
* When practicing vocabulary, how should the stimulus be presented? (Tokowicz & Degani; [[Co-training of Chinese characters|Liu, Perfetti, Dunlap, Zi, Mitchell]]; [[Learning Chinese pronunciation from a “talking head”|Liu, Massaro, Dunlap, Wu, Chen, Chan, Perfetti]]) | * When practicing vocabulary, how should the stimulus be presented? (Tokowicz & Degani; [[Co-training of Chinese characters|Liu, Perfetti, Dunlap, Zi, Mitchell]]; [[Learning Chinese pronunciation from a “talking head”|Liu, Massaro, Dunlap, Wu, Chen, Chan, Perfetti]]) | ||
* When entering or justifying problem solving steps, are visually contiguous modalities better? ([[Contiguous Representations for Robust Learning (Aleven & Butcher)|Aleven & Butcher]]) | * When entering or justifying problem solving steps, are visually contiguous modalities better? ([[Contiguous Representations for Robust Learning (Aleven & Butcher)|Aleven & Butcher]]) | ||
* When presenting problems, does adding a diagram help? ([[Visual Representations in Science Learning |Davenport, Klahr & Koedinger]]) | * When presenting problems, does adding a diagram help? ([[Visual Representations in Science Learning |Davenport, Klahr & Koedinger]]) | ||
| − | + | == Explicitness == | |
| + | Should the instruction present the knowledge to be learned explicitly (typically as text) or let the student infer it from multiple instance? Some of these dimensions do not (yet?) have a clear assistance ordering for their values. | ||
* When learning vocabulary words, should students consult definitions? ([[REAP_main | Juffs & Eskenazi]]) | * When learning vocabulary words, should students consult definitions? ([[REAP_main | Juffs & Eskenazi]]) | ||
* When parts of a word have meaning, should that be taught explicitly? (Lui et al.) | * When parts of a word have meaning, should that be taught explicitly? (Lui et al.) | ||
| − | * When giving a hint during problem solving, how explicit should it be? (Ringenberg & VanLehn; [[Help_Lite (Aleven, Roll)|Aleven & Roll]]; [[Mapping Visual and Verbal Information: Integrated Hints in Geometry (Aleven & Butcher)|Aleven & Butcher]]) | + | * When giving a hint during problem solving, how explicit should it be? ([[Ringenberg_Examples-as-Help | Ringenberg & VanLehn]]; [[Help_Lite (Aleven, Roll)|Aleven & Roll]]; [[Mapping Visual and Verbal Information: Integrated Hints in Geometry (Aleven & Butcher)|Aleven & Butcher]]) |
| − | + | == Does the tutor or the student do it? == | |
| − | * Adding example-studying to coached problem. ([[Stoichiometry_Study | McLaren, Koedinger & Yaron]]; [[Effect of adding simple worked examples to problem-solving in algebra learning (Anthony, Yang & Koedinger)| Anthony, Yang & Koedinger]]; Renkl, Aleven & Salden) | + | (This dimension needs a better name) Should the tutor or the student do the steps in solving a problem? Should the tutor or the student explain the steps of a problem’s solution? In general, assistance is higher when the tutor does it than when the student does it. |
| − | * During coached problem solving, who detects the errors? (Mitamura & Wiley; | + | * Adding example-studying to coached problem. ([[Stoichiometry_Study | McLaren, Koedinger & Yaron]]; [[Effect of adding simple worked examples to problem-solving in algebra learning (Anthony, Yang & Koedinger)| Anthony, Yang & Koedinger]]; [[Does learning from worked-out examples improve tutored problem solving? | Renkl, Aleven & Salden]]) |
| − | * During coached problem solving, who decides when to ask for a hint? (Roll, Aleven & McLaren) | + | * During coached problem solving, who detects the errors? (Mitamura & Wiley; [[The self-correction of speech errors (McCormick, O’Neill & Siskin) | McCormick, O’Neill & Siskin]]) |
| − | * When studying examples, who produces or helps produce the explanations of steps? (Hausmann & VanLehn | + | * During coached problem solving, who decides when to ask for a hint? ([[The_Help_Tutor__Roll_Aleven_McLaren | Roll, Aleven & McLaren]]; [[Student_Uncertainty | Forbes-Riley & Litman]]) |
| − | ) | + | * When studying examples, who produces or helps produce the explanations of steps? ([[Hausmann_Study| Hausmann & VanLehn]]; [[Craig_questions | Craig & Chi]]; [[Bridging_Principles_and_Examples_through_Analogy_and_Explanation | Nokes & VanLehn]]) |
| − | * When studying a film, who identifies the culturally key events? (Ogan, Aleven & Jones) | + | * When studying a film, who identifies the culturally key events? ([[FrenchCulture | Ogan, Aleven & Jones]]) |
| − | * When answering reflection questions on a problem after solving it, who produces or helps produce the answers? (Katz | + | * When answering reflection questions on a problem after solving it, who produces or helps produce the answers? ([[Reflective Dialogues (Katz)| Katz 2006]]; [[Post-practice reflection (Katz)| Katz 2005]]). |
* When taking notes on a text, who decides or constrains the notes’ content? ([[Note-Taking_Technologies | Bauer & Koedinger]]) | * When taking notes on a text, who decides or constrains the notes’ content? ([[Note-Taking_Technologies | Bauer & Koedinger]]) | ||
| − | + | == Miscellaneous == | |
| + | These are instructional dimensions from outside the categories listed above. | ||
* When a student explains an example, should the to-be-explained steps be always correct, sometimes incorrect, or tutored? ([[Booth |Booth, Siegler, Koedinger & Rittle-Johnson]]) | * When a student explains an example, should the to-be-explained steps be always correct, sometimes incorrect, or tutored? ([[Booth |Booth, Siegler, Koedinger & Rittle-Johnson]]) | ||
Revision as of 17:27, 7 April 2007
Contents
Instructional dimensions being explored by PSLC projects
Existing PSLC experiments vary values along many instructional dimensions, so to simplify the exposition, the dimensions are grouped into 5 major classes and a 6th miscellaneous class. Each class of dimensions is listed below, with its dimensions beneath it. For each dimension, PSLC studies that compare values along that dimension are listed with it.
Peer collaboration
Problem solving, example studying and many other activities can be done alone, in pairs, or in pairs with various kinds of assistance, such as collaboration scripts. From the standpoint of an individual learner, having a partner offers more assistance than working alone, and having a partner plus other scaffolding offer even more assistance.
- When solving problems, how much instruction on collaboration? ( Hausmann & Chi; Rummel, Diziol, McLaren, & Spada)
- When solving problems, should collaborators have a tutor? ( Walker, McLaren, Koedinger, & Rummel))
- When studying examples, does collaboration help elicit explanations of steps? (Hausmann & VanLehn; Craig Gadgil & Chi)
Repetition
In many kinds of instruction, similar or even identical tasks occur in sequence, with other tasks intervening. The more similar the tasks and the closer they are together, the easier they are for the student to achieve successfully during training, so the higher their they are in the assistance ordering.
- How close together should tasks be? (Pavlik; Presson & MacWhinney; Yoshima & MacWhinney; Levin, Frishkoff, De Jong & Pavlik)
- When tasks are repeated, should time pressure be increased? (De Jong & Perfetti)
- When tasks are adjacent in the sequence, how can this be used to expedite learning? (De Jong, de Keyser & Perfetti; Levin et al.)
Modality
Both the presentations and the responses from learners can written, spoken, diagramatic, gestural (e.g., menus), etc. Two modalities of presentation may in general be assistive than one. However, the assistance scale for this design issue needs exploration.
- When practicing vocabulary, how should the stimulus be presented? (Tokowicz & Degani; Liu, Perfetti, Dunlap, Zi, Mitchell; Liu, Massaro, Dunlap, Wu, Chen, Chan, Perfetti)
- When entering or justifying problem solving steps, are visually contiguous modalities better? (Aleven & Butcher)
- When presenting problems, does adding a diagram help? (Davenport, Klahr & Koedinger)
Explicitness
Should the instruction present the knowledge to be learned explicitly (typically as text) or let the student infer it from multiple instance? Some of these dimensions do not (yet?) have a clear assistance ordering for their values.
- When learning vocabulary words, should students consult definitions? ( Juffs & Eskenazi)
- When parts of a word have meaning, should that be taught explicitly? (Lui et al.)
- When giving a hint during problem solving, how explicit should it be? ( Ringenberg & VanLehn; Aleven & Roll; Aleven & Butcher)
Does the tutor or the student do it?
(This dimension needs a better name) Should the tutor or the student do the steps in solving a problem? Should the tutor or the student explain the steps of a problem’s solution? In general, assistance is higher when the tutor does it than when the student does it.
- Adding example-studying to coached problem. ( McLaren, Koedinger & Yaron; Anthony, Yang & Koedinger; Renkl, Aleven & Salden)
- During coached problem solving, who detects the errors? (Mitamura & Wiley; McCormick, O’Neill & Siskin)
- During coached problem solving, who decides when to ask for a hint? ( Roll, Aleven & McLaren; Forbes-Riley & Litman)
- When studying examples, who produces or helps produce the explanations of steps? ( Hausmann & VanLehn; Craig & Chi; Nokes & VanLehn)
- When studying a film, who identifies the culturally key events? ( Ogan, Aleven & Jones)
- When answering reflection questions on a problem after solving it, who produces or helps produce the answers? ( Katz 2006; Katz 2005).
- When taking notes on a text, who decides or constrains the notes’ content? ( Bauer & Koedinger)
Miscellaneous
These are instructional dimensions from outside the categories listed above.
- When a student explains an example, should the to-be-explained steps be always correct, sometimes incorrect, or tutored? (Booth, Siegler, Koedinger & Rittle-Johnson)
