Instructional Principles - Revision history

Koedinger: Revert - wanted to "move" the page "InstructionalPrinciples" to this page but cannot

2007-10-30T20:51:20Z

Revert - wanted to "move" the page "InstructionalPrinciples" to this page but cannot

← Older revision	Revision as of 20:51, 30 October 2007
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		#REDIRECT [[InstructionalPrinciples]]

Koedinger at 20:45, 30 October 2007

2007-10-30T20:45:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:45, 30 October 2007
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	~~#REDIRECT [[InstructionalPrinciples]]~~

Koedinger: Reverting -- was trying to fix lack of space in page name

2007-10-30T20:44:49Z

Reverting -- was trying to fix lack of space in page name

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:44, 30 October 2007
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	~~===Creating Instructional Principle Pages===~~		#REDIRECT [[InstructionalPrinciples]]
	~~The PSLC is starting to maintain a collection of instructional principle pages. Each instructional principle page should be structured with the following headers:~~

	#~~Brief statement of principle~~
	~~#Description of principle~~
	~~##Operational definition~~
	~~##Examples~~
	~~#Experimental support~~
	~~##Laboratory experiment support~~
	~~##In vivo experiment support~~
	~~#Theoretical rationale (these entries should link to one or more [[:Category:Learning Processes\|learning processes]])~~
	~~#Conditions of application~~
	~~#Caveats, limitations, open issues, or dissenting views~~
	~~#Variations (descendants)~~
	~~#Generalizations (ascendants)~~
	~~#References~~

	If you have a study page, your hypothesis section should make reference to at least one of these instructional principle pages. You should edit that page so that it has the structure above. A template you can copy is provided further below.

	We want to keep the number of principles down, at least at the highest level generalization, so try to reference the most general instructional principle that is appropriate. In addition to facilitating our goal of greater shared vocabulary and unification, doing so will also make it so you have less editing work to do! By pointing to more general instructional principles, others will be contributing to structuring and filling in that page in addition to you. You may also point to (from your hypothesis section) more specific instructional principle pages relevant to your study.

	~~Be sure that the Examples and Experimental Support sections of the instructional principle page you point to also points back to your study page.~~

	Please also add references to the literature outside of PSLC to the Reference section of instructional principles pages you edit. You might simply copy these from your study page's reference section and/or papers your write. By doing so, you can help others (and others can help you) identify relevant research in the field.

	~~===List of Instructional Principles===~~

	~~From [[:Category:Independent Variables]]~~

	~~====Cross-cutting all 3 clusters====~~
	*[[Tutoring feedback]]
	**[[Peer tutoring]]

	~~====[[Coordinative Learning]]====~~
	*[[Example-rule coordination]] - (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the recommendations on interleaving worked examples and multimedia (written primarily by Ken Koedinger).)
	**[[Learning by worked-out examples]] - See also [[Worked examples]]
	**[[Self-explanation]] - listed as "prompted self-explanation" in matrices, which is a better name for an instructional method/principle (something an instructor does or an instructional designer creates) whereas "self-explanation" is a better name for a learning process (something a student's mind does)
	***[[Corrective self-explanation]]
	*[[Visual-verbal integration]]
	**[[Contiguous Representation]]
	*[[Feature focusing]]

	~~====[[Interactive Communication]]====~~
	*[[Collaboration]]
	**[[Peer tutoring]]
	*[[Collaboration scripts]]
	*[[Collaboratively observe]]
	**[[Vicarious learning]]
	*[[Deep/Reflection questions]] - term in matrix (to the left) is not the same as glossary entry, [[Deep-level question]]. (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the "deep questioning" recommendation (written primarily by Art Graesser).)
	**[[Reflection questions]]
	***[[Post-practice reflection]]
	**[[Knowledge Construction Dialogues]]
	**[[Self-explanation]] - listed as "prompted self-explanation" in matrices (see above)
	***[[Elaborated Explanations]] - should this be a learning process (something a student does) rather than an instructional method (something instruction does)? "Prompting for X" can make a learning process into an instructional method (whether the method works or not is a separate question).
	***[[Jointly constructed explanation]] - also perhaps a learning process?
	*[[Instructional explanation]]

	~~====[[Refinement and Fluency]]====~~
	*[[Active Processing]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Practice]], [[Drill]], [[Learning by problem solving]]
	*[[Error correction support]]
	*[[Explicit instruction]]
	*[[Fluency Pressure]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Fluency]]
	*[[Feedback Timing]] in matrix, but not in glossary.
	*[[Feature focusing]]
	*[[Knowledge Accessibility]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Accessibility]]
	*[[Optimized scheduling]] in glossary, but not listed as independent variable - (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the spacing recommendation (written primarily by Hal Pashler).)
	** See also [[Learning event scheduling]] and [[Instructional schedule]]

	~~====Unclassified====~~
	~~[[Assistance]]~~
	~~[[Availability]]~~
	~~[[Fading]]~~
	~~[[Implicit instruction]]~~
	~~[[Instructional method]]~~
	~~[[Scaffolding]]~~

	~~===Template===~~
	~~You can copy the following into an instructional principle page you want to edit and then insert existing text into appropriate sections and add text in other sections.~~

	~~<pre>~~
	~~==Brief statement of principle==~~
	~~==Description of principle==~~
	~~===Operational definition===~~
	~~===Examples===~~
	~~==Experimental support==~~
	~~===Laboratory experiment support===~~
	~~===In vivo experiment support===~~
	~~==Theoretical rationale==~~
	~~(These entries should link to one or more [[:Category:Learning Processes\|learning processes]].)~~
	~~==Conditions of application==~~
	~~==Caveats, limitations, open issues, or dissenting views==~~
	~~==Variations (descendants)==~~
	~~==Generalizations (ascendants)==~~
	~~==References==~~
	~~</pre>~~

	~~===A (temporary!) note on editing instructional principles pages===~~
	When you edit one of the existing "instructional principle" or "independent variable" pages listed above, note that many of the current (as of October, 2007) pages describe an instructional method and need to be appropriately modified to describe an instructional principle. An instructional principle entry should state a hypothesis about how a target instructional method is better than some other baseline or control method. For example, Mayer's multimedia principle states that using diagrams in text (one instructional method) leads to better learning than text along (another instructional method) under certain circumstances.

	Instructional principles are like (or may fill) the hypothesis section of study pages, though the hypothesis of a study may be more study or domain specific whereas the associated instructional principle will be study-neutral and likely more domain general. The current (as of October, 2007) instructional method pages are like (or may fill) the independent variables section of the study pages.

	~~Perhaps we need both types of pages (instructional principles and instructional methods), but on other hand, this may lead to just too many pages.~~

	~~===Learning Processes===~~

	~~Here's a (probably incomplete) list of learning processes with entries in the glossary. These should be used in the "theoretical rationale" section of instructional principles pages.~~

	~~[[Co-training]], [[Cognitive headroom]], [[Integration]], [[Refinement]], [[Sense making]],~~ [[~~self-explanation~~]]

Koedinger at 20:35, 30 October 2007

2007-10-30T20:35:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:35, 30 October 2007
Line 1:		Line 1:
	#~~REDIRECT~~ [[~~InstructionalPrinciples~~]]		===Creating Instructional Principle Pages===
			The PSLC is starting to maintain a collection of instructional principle pages. Each instructional principle page should be structured with the following headers:

			#Brief statement of principle
			#Description of principle
			##Operational definition
			##Examples
			#Experimental support
			##Laboratory experiment support
			##In vivo experiment support
			#Theoretical rationale (these entries should link to one or more [[:Category:Learning Processes\|learning processes]])
			#Conditions of application
			#Caveats, limitations, open issues, or dissenting views
			#Variations (descendants)
			#Generalizations (ascendants)
			#References

			If you have a study page, your hypothesis section should make reference to at least one of these instructional principle pages. You should edit that page so that it has the structure above. A template you can copy is provided further below.

			We want to keep the number of principles down, at least at the highest level generalization, so try to reference the most general instructional principle that is appropriate. In addition to facilitating our goal of greater shared vocabulary and unification, doing so will also make it so you have less editing work to do! By pointing to more general instructional principles, others will be contributing to structuring and filling in that page in addition to you. You may also point to (from your hypothesis section) more specific instructional principle pages relevant to your study.

			Be sure that the Examples and Experimental Support sections of the instructional principle page you point to also points back to your study page.

			Please also add references to the literature outside of PSLC to the Reference section of instructional principles pages you edit. You might simply copy these from your study page's reference section and/or papers your write. By doing so, you can help others (and others can help you) identify relevant research in the field.

			===List of Instructional Principles===

			From [[:Category:Independent Variables]]

			====Cross-cutting all 3 clusters====
			*[[Tutoring feedback]]
			**[[Peer tutoring]]

			====[[Coordinative Learning]]====
			*[[Example-rule coordination]] - (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the recommendations on interleaving worked examples and multimedia (written primarily by Ken Koedinger).)
			**[[Learning by worked-out examples]] - See also [[Worked examples]]
			**[[Self-explanation]] - listed as "prompted self-explanation" in matrices, which is a better name for an instructional method/principle (something an instructor does or an instructional designer creates) whereas "self-explanation" is a better name for a learning process (something a student's mind does)
			***[[Corrective self-explanation]]
			*[[Visual-verbal integration]]
			**[[Contiguous Representation]]
			*[[Feature focusing]]

			====[[Interactive Communication]]====
			*[[Collaboration]]
			**[[Peer tutoring]]
			*[[Collaboration scripts]]
			*[[Collaboratively observe]]
			**[[Vicarious learning]]
			*[[Deep/Reflection questions]] - term in matrix (to the left) is not the same as glossary entry, [[Deep-level question]]. (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the "deep questioning" recommendation (written primarily by Art Graesser).)
			**[[Reflection questions]]
			***[[Post-practice reflection]]
			**[[Knowledge Construction Dialogues]]
			**[[Self-explanation]] - listed as "prompted self-explanation" in matrices (see above)
			***[[Elaborated Explanations]] - should this be a learning process (something a student does) rather than an instructional method (something instruction does)? "Prompting for X" can make a learning process into an instructional method (whether the method works or not is a separate question).
			***[[Jointly constructed explanation]] - also perhaps a learning process?
			*[[Instructional explanation]]

			====[[Refinement and Fluency]]====
			*[[Active Processing]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Practice]], [[Drill]], [[Learning by problem solving]]
			*[[Error correction support]]
			*[[Explicit instruction]]
			*[[Fluency Pressure]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Fluency]]
			*[[Feedback Timing]] in matrix, but not in glossary.
			*[[Feature focusing]]
			*[[Knowledge Accessibility]] in matrix, but not in glossary. See [[Accessibility]]
			*[[Optimized scheduling]] in glossary, but not listed as independent variable - (NOTE: See the recent IES practice guide on [http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/practiceguides/ "Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning"] as a great source for relevant references. See particularly the spacing recommendation (written primarily by Hal Pashler).)
			** See also [[Learning event scheduling]] and [[Instructional schedule]]

			====Unclassified====
			[[Assistance]]
			[[Availability]]
			[[Fading]]
			[[Implicit instruction]]
			[[Instructional method]]
			[[Scaffolding]]

			===Template===
			You can copy the following into an instructional principle page you want to edit and then insert existing text into appropriate sections and add text in other sections.

			<pre>
			==Brief statement of principle==
			==Description of principle==
			===Operational definition===
			===Examples===
			==Experimental support==
			===Laboratory experiment support===
			===In vivo experiment support===
			==Theoretical rationale==
			(These entries should link to one or more [[:Category:Learning Processes\|learning processes]].)
			==Conditions of application==
			==Caveats, limitations, open issues, or dissenting views==
			==Variations (descendants)==
			==Generalizations (ascendants)==
			==References==
			</pre>

			===A (temporary!) note on editing instructional principles pages===
			When you edit one of the existing "instructional principle" or "independent variable" pages listed above, note that many of the current (as of October, 2007) pages describe an instructional method and need to be appropriately modified to describe an instructional principle. An instructional principle entry should state a hypothesis about how a target instructional method is better than some other baseline or control method. For example, Mayer's multimedia principle states that using diagrams in text (one instructional method) leads to better learning than text along (another instructional method) under certain circumstances.

			Instructional principles are like (or may fill) the hypothesis section of study pages, though the hypothesis of a study may be more study or domain specific whereas the associated instructional principle will be study-neutral and likely more domain general. The current (as of October, 2007) instructional method pages are like (or may fill) the independent variables section of the study pages.

			Perhaps we need both types of pages (instructional principles and instructional methods), but on other hand, this may lead to just too many pages.

			===Learning Processes===

			Here's a (probably incomplete) list of learning processes with entries in the glossary. These should be used in the "theoretical rationale" section of instructional principles pages.

			[[Co-training]], [[Cognitive headroom]], [[Integration]], [[Refinement]], [[Sense making]], [[self-explanation]]

Koedinger at 20:30, 30 October 2007

2007-10-30T20:30:18Z

New page

#REDIRECT [[InstructionalPrinciples]]