View source for Off-Task Behavior

Baker (2007) defines off-task behavior in learning environments as behavior "where a student completely
disengages from the learning environment and task to engage in an unrelated behavior".

Within intelligent tutoring systems such as Cognitive Tutors, this is usually done by [[systematic guessing]] or [[hint abuse]].

Gaming has been observed in other types of learning environments as well, including educational games (Miller, Lehman, & Koedinger, 1999; Magnussen & Misfeldt, 2004; Rodrigo et al, 2007), simulation environments (Rodrigo et al, 2007), and graded-participation newsgroups (Cheng & Vassileva, 2005).

For more information, see Ryan Baker's [http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/gaming.html webpage on gaming the system].
 
=== PSLC Studies Involving Gaming the System ===

*[[Baker_Choices_in_LE_Space | How Content and Interface Features Influence Student Choices Within the Learning Space (Baker, Corbett, Koedinger, & Rodrigo)]]

=== Bibliography ===

* Baker, R.S.J.d., Corbett, A.T., Roll, I., Koedinger, K.R. (to appear)  Developing a Generalizable Detector of When Students Game the System  To appear in User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. [http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/USER475.pdf pdf]
* Baker, R.S.J.d., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R., Evenson, E., Roll, I., Wagner, A.Z., Naim, M., Raspat, J., Baker, D.J., Beck, J. (2006). Adapting to When Students Game an Intelligent Tutoring System. 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 392-401. [http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/Baker175.pdf pdf]
* Baker, R. S., Corbett, A. T., Koedinger, K. R., & Wagner, A. Z. (2004). Off-Task Behavior in the Cognitive Tutor Classroom: When Students “Game the System”. ACM CHI 2004: Computer-Human Interaction, 383-390. [http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/p383-baker-rev.pdf pdf]
* Baker, R.S.J.d., Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T., Roll, I., Corbett, A.T., Koedinger, K.R. (to appear) Why Students Engage in "Gaming the System" Behavior in Interactive Learning Environments. To appear in Journal of Interactive Learning Research. [http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/BWHRKC-JILR-draft.pdf pdf]
* Cheng, R., Vassileva, J. (2005) Adaptive Reward Mechanism for Sustainable Online Learning Community. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, 152-159.
* Magnussen, R., Misfeldt, M. (2004) Player Transformation of Educational Multiplayer Games. Proceedings of Other Players. Available at [http://www.itu.dk/op/proceedings.htm http://www.itu.dk/op/proceedings.htm]
* Miller, C.S., Lehman, J.F., Koedinger, K.R. (1999)  Goals and learning in microworlds - An exploration. Cognitive Science, 23 (3), 305-336.
* Murray, R.C., vanLehn, K. (2005) Effects of Dissuading Unnecessary Help Requests While Providing Proactive Help. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, 887-889.
* Rodrigo, M.M.T., Baker, R.S.J.d., Lagud, M.C.V., Lim, S.A.L., Macapanpan, A.F., Pascua, S.A.M.S., Santillano, J.Q., Sevilla, L.R.S., Sugay, J.O., Tep, S., Viehland, N.J.B. (2007) Affect and Usage Choices in Simulation Problem Solving Environments. Proceedings of Artificial Intelligence in Education 2007, 145-152. 
[http://www.joazeirodebaker.net/ryan/RodrigoBakeretal2006Final.pdf pdf]
* Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T. (2006a) Detection and Analysis of Off-Task Gaming Behavior in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 382-391. 
* Walonoski, J.A., Heffernan, N.T. (2006b) Prevention of Off-Task Gaming Behavior in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems, 722-724. 


[[Category:Glossary]]
[[Category:Interactive Communication]]
[[Category:Help Tutor]]